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Simple Negative Stimulus: This notion of language as a mediator is werful one, and it provides a substantial ba or explaining more complex thought processes relatively simple and manipulatable terms. La guage is seen as intervening between the stimul and the overt response, in that the overt respon is made on the basis of a label or a set of lab< rather than to the more concrete aspects of stimulus. Thus, a label applied to an abstra property of a stimulus becomes the effective stii ulus rather than a more obvious property of tl stimulus.
Traditional forms of psychotherapy, such as psychoanalysis, have been rather unsuccessful in dealing with certain psychiatric deviations such as fetishism and transvestism. In 1967, however, it was reported that these symptoms could be efficiently abolished by applying the simple negative stimulus of repeated, low-intensity electric shocks. These techniques were introduced early in the 20th century by such scientists as Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson, but were then neglected when Freudian psychology became popular. Some psychologists believe that psychiatric therapy has been hampered for decades because of too great an emphasis on psychoanalysis.
Gustav Theodor Fechner later (1860) asserted as a general principle for the senses what is now known as Weber's law—that the ratio of the minimum detectable difference in the magnitude of a stimulus divided by the reference man-itude is constant. On the basis of further assumptions, Fechner derived a relation now called Fechner's law, which holds that the perceived or subjective magnitude of a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the physical magnitude of the stimulus. |
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