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Modern Art Seventeenth: Until the seventeenth century wine spent its life, as it had mostly done in Roman times, in casks. If bottles were used they were simply carafes for use at the table. The rediscovery of the cork some time in the seventeenth century, and its sequel - the discovery that wine in a tighly corked Bottle lasted much longer than wine kept in a barrel -brought about a wine revolution. The rise of the great estates and the evolution of modern art seventeenth wines dates, therefore, from the eighteenth century -the Age of Enlightenment.
The Camera obscura, at first actually a room big enough for an artist to enter, was useless until it became portable. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a lens was fitted into one end of a two-foot box, and the other end was covered with a sheet of frosted or ground glass. The image cast on the ground glass by the lens could be seen outside of the camera. A perfected model, resembling the modern art seventeenth reflex camera, had the ground glass flush with the top of the box, the image being thrown upon it by a Mirror placed at an angle of 45°. It had the advantage that the image was not upside down, and the artist could trace it by laying thin paper over the glass.
Early Years.—Raphael's entry onto the Renaissance scene is subject to a peculiar precocity, but if he was an infant prodigy, it is even more rare that the promise was abundantly fulfilled. There are in fact surviving works from his sixteenth or seventeenth years; these are two pictures for a processional standard (the Creation of Eve and the Trinity) now in the Pinacoteca in Citta di Castello. |
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