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Modern Art Echniques: Although a number of chains were established luring the latter half of the 19th century, their
•eal growth occurred during the 20th century, iven as late as 1919, the estimated volume of :hains was less than 5% of total retail sales, but >y 1929 this proportion had increased sixfold to ibout 30%. The phenomenal development of the
•hains during the 1920's is explained by eco-lomic and social factors. The time was ripe for ipplying mass methods on a widespread basis in etail distribution, where efficiency had not generally kept pace with industrial mass production echniques. The number of people living in cities ras about twice that at the beginning of the entury, and a large amount of the city growth :ame during the 1920's.
The final consonants -b, -d, -g, and -r were dropped, and final semivowels appeared, to form diphthongs with the main vowel. The number of tones increased to four. In the majority of the modern art echniques Chinese dialects there are usually only two grades of consonants (p and p') and, as we have noted, three consonant endings (-n, -ng, and a modern art echniques -r). The four tones of modern art echniques Chinese differ from "those of ancient Chinese in that the old first tone has been subdivided into the modern art echniques first and second tones and the old fourth-tone words have been distributed among the other modern art echniques tones.
modern art echniques Period.—The republics of the modern art echniques period arose as national rather than municipal states and governments. Like their medieval precursors, they too established themselves in a long struggle against secular and religious absolutism. modern art echniques republicanism dates from the struggles of the Netherland provinces against Spanish rule. The wars of liberation began in 1568, but the independence of the Netherlands was recognized by the great powers only in 1648 at the Peace of Westphalia. |
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